Myocarditis and Pericarditis After Vaccination for COVID-19 (2024)

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• Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021 JAMA Original Investigation January 25, 2022 This descriptive study compares the effect of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vs mRNA-1273 (Moderna) on the reported cases of myocarditis in the US after each vaccination dose. Matthew E.Oster,MD, MPH; David K.Shay,MD, MPH; John R.Su,MD, PhD, MPH; JulianneGee,MPH; C. BuddyCreech,MD, MPH; Karen R.Broder,MD; KathrynEdwards,MD; Jonathan H.Soslow,MD, MSCI; Jeffrey M.Dendy,MD; ElizabethSchlaudecker,MD, MPH; Sean M.Lang,MD; Elizabeth D.Barnett,MD; Frederick L.Ruberg,MD; Michael J.Smith,MD, MSCE; M. JayCampbell,MD, MHA; Renato D.Lopes,MD, PhD, MHS; Laurence S.Sperling,MD; Jane A.Baumblatt,MD; Deborah L.Thompson,MD, MSPH; Paige L.Marquez,MSPH; PenelopeStrid,MPH; JaredWoo,MPH; RiverPugsley,PhD, MPH; SarahReagan-Steiner,MD, MPH; FrankDeStefano,MD, MPH; Tom T.Shimabukuro,MD, MPH, MBA
• Myocarditis Following a Third BNT162b2 Vaccination Dose in Military Recruits in Israel JAMA Research Letter April 26, 2022 This study assessed whether a third vaccine dose was associated with the risk of myocarditis among military personnel in Israel. LimorFriedensohn,MD; DanLevin,MD; MaggieFadlon-Derai,MHA; LironGershovitz,MD; NoamFink,MD; ElonGlassberg,MD; BarakGordon,MD
• Prognosis of Myocarditis Attributed to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination, SARS-CoV-2, or Conventional Etiologies JAMA Original Investigation August 26, 2024 This cohort study examines cardiovascular complications of postvaccine and other types of myocarditis (ie, post–COVID-19 and conventional myocarditis) during 18-month follow-up. LauraSemenzato,MSc; StéphaneLe Vu,PhD; JérémieBotton,PhD, PharmD, MPH; MarionBertrand,MSc; Marie-JoelleJabagi,PhD, PharmD, MPH; JérômeDrouin,MSc; FrançoisCuenot,PhD; FlorianZores,MD; RosemaryDray-Spira,PhD, MD; AlainWeill,MD; MahmoudZureik,PhD, MD
• Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination JAMA Cardiology Brief Report October 1, 2021 This study describes 4 patients who presented with acute myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Han W.Kim,MD; Elizabeth R.Jenista,PhD; David C.Wendell,PhD; Clerio F.Azevedo,MD; Michael J.Campbell,MD; Stephen N.Darty,BS; Michele A.Parker,MS; Raymond J.Kim,MD
• Association of Myocarditis With BNT162b2 Vaccination in Children JAMA Cardiology Brief Report December 1, 2021 This case series reviews comprehensive cardiac imaging in children with myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccine. AudreyDionne,MD; FrancescaSperotto,MD; StephanieChamberlain; Annette L.Baker,MSN, CPNP; Andrew J.Powell,MD; AshwinPrakash,MD; Daniel A.Castellanos,MD; Susan F.Saleeb,MD; Sarah D.de Ferranti,MD, MPH; Jane W.Newburger,MD, MPH; Kevin G.Friedman,MD

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Research Letter

George A.Diaz,MD1; Guilford T.Parsons,MD, MS2; Sara K.Gering,BS, BSN3; et al Audrey R.Meier,MPH4; Ian V.Hutchinson,PhD, DSc5; AriRobicsek,MD2

Author Affiliations Article Information

Rare cases of cardiac inflammation following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been reported.^1-4 We reviewed the clinical records of vaccine recipients to identify cases of postvaccination myocarditis or pericarditis.

Forty hospitals in Washington, Oregon, Montana, and Los Angeles County, California, that were part of the Providence health care system and used the same electronic medical record (EMR) were included. All patients with documented COVID-19 vaccinations administered inside the system or recorded in state registries at any time through May 25, 2021, were identified. Vaccinated patients who subsequently had emergency department or inpatient encounters with diagnoses of myocarditis, myopericarditis, or pericarditis were ascertained from EMRs (see eTables 1 and 2 in the Supplement for exclusions and definitions).

The monthly rates of first-time hospital diagnoses (excluding patients with previous diagnoses in January 2018–January 2019) in January 2019 through January 2021 (prevaccine period) and February through May 2021 (vaccine period) were compared.

The Wilson method was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals for single proportions. Change in incidence between periods and 95% confidence intervals for incidence were assessed using an exact rate ratio test assuming Poisson distribution, with a 2-sided P < .05 defining statistical significance. R version 2021 statistical software (R Foundation) was used. The Providence institutional review board approved the study with a waiver of informed consent.

Among 2 000 287 individuals receiving at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination, 58.9% were women, the median age was 57 years (interquartile range [IQR], 40-70 years), 76.5% received more than 1 dose, 52.6% received the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech), 44.1% received the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna), and 3.1% received the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson). Twenty individuals had vaccine-related myocarditis (1.0 [95% CI, 0.61-1.54] per 100 000) and 37 had pericarditis (1.8 [95% CI, 1.30-2.55] per 100 000).

Myocarditis occurred a median of 3.5 days (IQR, 3.0-10.8 days) after vaccination (mRNA-1273 vaccine, 11 cases [55%]; BNT162b2 vaccine, 9 cases [45%]) (Table). Fifteen individuals (75%; 95% CI, 53%-89%) were male, and the median age was 36 years (IQR, 26-48 years). Four persons (20%; 95% CI, 8%-42%) developed symptoms after the first vaccination and 16 (80%; 95% CI, 58%-92%) developed symptoms after the second. Nineteen patients (95%; 95% CI, 76%-99%) were admitted to the hospital. All were discharged after a median of 2 days (IQR, 2-3 days). There were no readmissions or deaths. Two patients received a second vaccination after onset of myocarditis; neither had worsening of symptoms. At last available follow-up (median, 23.5 days [IQR, 4.8-41.3 days] after symptom onset), 13 patients (65%; 95% CI, 43%-82%) had symptom resolution and 7 (35%; 95% CI, 18%-57%) were improving.

Pericarditis developed after the first immunization in 15 cases (40.5%; 95% CI, 26%-57%) and after the second immunization in 22 cases (59.5%; 95% CI, 44%-74%) (mRNA-1273 vaccine, 12 cases [32%]; BNT162b2 vaccine, 23 cases [62%]; Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, 2 cases [5%]). Median onset was 20 days (IQR, 6.0-41.0 days) after the most recent vaccination. Twenty-seven individuals (73%; 95% CI, 57%-85%) were male, and the median age was 59 years (IQR, 46-69 years). Thirteen (35%; 95% CI, 22%-51%) were admitted to the hospital, none to intensive care. Median stay was 1 day (IQR, 1-2 days). Seven patients with pericarditis received a second vaccination. No patient died. At last available follow-up (median, 28 days; IQR, 7-53 days), 7 patients (19%; 95% CI, 9%-34%) had resolved symptoms and 23 (62%; 95% CI, 46%-76%) were improving.

The mean monthly number of cases of myocarditis or myopericarditis during the prevaccine period was 16.9 (95% CI, 15.3-18.6) vs 27.3 (95% CI, 22.4-32.9) during the vaccine period (P < .001) (Figure). The mean numbers of pericarditis cases during the same periods were 49.1 (95% CI, 46.4-51.9) and 78.8 (95% CI, 70.3-87.9), respectively (P < .001).

Two distinct self-limited syndromes, myocarditis and pericarditis, were observed after COVID-19 vaccination. Myocarditis developed rapidly in younger patients, mostly after the second vaccination. Pericarditis affected older patients later, after either the first or second dose.

Some vaccines are associated with myocarditis,⁵ including mRNA vaccines,^1-4 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported a possible association between COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and myocarditis, primarily in younger male individuals within a few days after the second vaccination, at an incidence of about 4.8 cases per 1 million.⁶ This study shows a similar pattern, although at higher incidence, suggesting vaccine adverse event underreporting. Additionally, pericarditis may be more common than myocarditis among older patients.

Study limitations include cases missed in outside care settings and missed diagnoses of myocarditis or pericarditis (which would underestimate the incidence), as well as inaccurate EMR vaccination information. Temporal association does not prove causation, although the short span between vaccination and myocarditis onset and the elevated incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis in the study hospitals lend support to a possible relationship.

Section Editors: Jody W. Zylke, MD, Deputy Editor; Kristin Walter, MD, Associate Editor.

Corresponding Author: George A. Diaz, MD, Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, 1700 13th St, Ste B3-018, Everett, WA 98201 (george.diaz@providence.org).

Accepted for Publication: July 26, 2021.

Published Online: August 4, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.13443

Author Contributions: Dr Robicsek had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Diaz, Robicsek.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Diaz, Parsons, Meier, Hutchinson, Robicsek.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Diaz, Gering, Hutchinson, Robicsek.

Statistical analysis: Diaz, Meier, Robicsek.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Parsons, Gering, Robicsek.

Supervision: Robicsek.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Diaz reported receipt of clinical trial research support from Gilead Sciences, Regeneron, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Edesa Biotech and scientific advisory board membership for Safeology. No other disclosures were reported.

Additional Contributions: We acknowledge the patients included in this study and the caregiver teams across the Providence organization.